Laurus nobilis L.
EOL Text
Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glossy leaves, native to the Mediterranean region. It is one of the plants used for bay leaf seasoning in cooking. It is known as bay laurel, sweet bay, bay tree (esp. United Kingdom), true laurel, Grecian laurel,[1] laurel tree or simply laurel. Laurus nobilis figures prominently in classical Greek, Roman, and Biblical culture.
Worldwide, many other kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel", generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to Laurus nobilis, and the full name is used for the California bay laurel (Umbellularia), also in the family Lauraceae.
Contents
Characteristics[edit]
The laurel can vary greatly in size and height, sometimes reaching 10–18 metres (33–59 ft) tall. Laurus is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes three species, whose diagnostic key characters often overlap (Mabberley 1997).
The laurel is dioecious , with male and female flowers on separate plants.[2] Each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm diameter, and they are borne in pairs beside a leaf. The leaves are 6–12 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an entire (untoothed) margin. On some leaves the margin undulates.[2] The fruit is a small, shiny black berry-like drupe about 1 cm long[2] that contains one seed.[3]
A recent study found considerable genetic diversity within L. nobilis, and that L. azorica is not genetically or morphologically distinct.[4]
Ecology[edit]
Laurus nobilis is a widespread relic of the laurel forests that originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid. With the drying of the Mediterranean during the Pliocene era, the laurel forests gradually retreated, and were replaced by the more drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities familiar today. Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the Mediterranean are believed to have disappeared approximately ten thousand years ago, although some remnants still persist in the mountains of southern Turkey, northern Syria, southern Spain, north-central Portugal, northern Morocco, Canary Islands and in Madeira.
Chemical constituents[edit]
The most abundant component found in laurel essential oil is 1,8-cineole, also called eucalyptol.[2] The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol, 12% other terpenes, 8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% sesquiterpenes, 3% methyleugenol, and other α- and β-pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, and terpineol.
Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit. The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to obtain these products. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and ketones).
Food[edit]
The plant is the source of several popular herbs and one spice used in a wide variety of recipes, particularly among Mediterranean cuisines.[2] Most commonly, the aromatic leaves are added whole to Italian pasta sauces. However, even when cooked, whole bay leaves can be sharp and abrasive enough to damage internal organs,[5] so they are typically removed from dishes before serving, unless used as a simple garnish.[6] Whole bay leaves have a long shelf life of about one year, under normal temperature and humidity.[6] Bay leaves are used almost exclusively as flavor agents during the food preparation stage;
Ground bay leaves, however, can be ingested safely and are often used in soups and stocks, as well as being a common addition to a Bloody Mary.[6] Dried laurel berries and pressed leaf oil can both be used as robust spices, and even the wood can be burnt for strong smoke flavoring.[6]
Alternative medicine[edit]
Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can also be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.[7]
In massage therapy, the essential oil of bay laurel is reputed to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism, while in aromatherapy, it is used to treat earaches and high blood pressure.[8][unreliable source?] A traditional folk remedy for rashes caused by poison ivy, poison oak, and stinging nettle is a poultice soaked in boiled bay leaves.[9]
The chemical compound lauroside B isolated from Laurus nobilis is an inhibitor of human melanoma (skin cancer) cell proliferation at high concentrations in-vitro.[10]
Other uses[edit]
Bay is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions with Mediterranean or oceanic climates, and as a house plant or greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in topiary to create single erect stems with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also for low hedges. Together with a gold form, L. nobilis 'Aurea',[11] it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]
Laurel oil is a main ingredient, and the distinguishing characteristic of Aleppo soap.
Symbolism[edit]
- Europe
Bay laurel was used to fashion the laurel wreath of ancient Greece, a symbol of highest status. A wreath of bay laurels was given as the prize at the Pythian Games because the games were in honor of Apollo, and the laurel was one of his symbols.
The symbolism carried over to Roman culture, which held the laurel as a symbol of victory.[13] It is also the source of the words baccalaureate and poet laureate, as well as the expressions "assume the laurel" and "resting on one's laurels". Ovid tells the story in the Metamorphoses that laurel tree was first formed when the nymph Daphne was changed into a laurel tree because of Apollo's pursuit of her. Daphne is the Greek name for the tree.[14]
In the Bible, the laurel is often an emblem of prosperity and fame. In Christian tradition, it symbolizes the resurrection of Christ.
- East Asia
An early Chinese etiological myth for the phases of the moon involved a great forest or tree which quickly grew and lost its leaves and flowers every month. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, this was sometimes connected to a woodsman named Wu Gang, sentenced to cut at a self-repairing tree as a punishment for varying offenses. The tree was originally identified as a 桂 (guì) and described in the terms of the osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans, now known in Chinese as the 桂花 or "gui flower"), whose blossoms are still used to flavor wine and confections for the Mid-Autumn Festival. However, in English, it is often associated with the more well-known cassia (Cinnamomum cassia, now known in Chinese as the 肉桂 or "meat gui") while, in modern Chinese, it has instead become associated with the Mediterranean laurel. By the Qing dynasty, the chengyu "pluck osmanthus in the Toad Palace" (蟾宫折桂, Chángōng zhé guì) meant passing the imperial examinations,[15][16][17] which were held around the time of the lunar festival. The similar association in Europe of laurels with victory and success led to its translation into Chinese as the 月桂 or "Moon gui".
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Brown, R.W. (1956). Composition of scientific words: A manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ a b c d e Vaughan, p.150.
- ^ Konstantinidou, E.; Takos, I.; Merou, T. (2008). "Desiccation and storage behavior of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) seeds". European Journal of Forest Research 127 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10342-007-0189-z.
- ^ Arroyo–García, R., Martínez–Zapater, J. M.., Fernández Prieto, J. A., & Álvarez–Arbesú, R. (2001). "AFLP evaluation of genetic similarity among laurel populations (Laurus L.)". Euphytica 122: 155–164. doi:10.1023/A:1012654514381?LI=true (inactive 2015-01-14).
- ^ M. Moghtader and H. Salari (March 26, 2012). "Comparative survey on the essential oil composition from the leaves and flowers of Laurus nobilis L. from Kerman province". Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment Vol. 4. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Green, p.19.
- ^ Nayak, et al. (2006).
- ^ Encyclopedia of Herbs. "Bay Laurel: Laurus nobilis". AllNatural.net. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- ^ Wood, p.43.
- ^ Panza, E; Tersigni, M; Iorizzi, M; Zollo, F; De Marino, S; Festa, C; Napolitano, M; Castello, G et al. (2011). "Lauroside B, a megastigmane glycoside from Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) leaves, induces apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines by inhibiting NF-κB activation". Journal of Natural Products 74 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1021/np100688g. PMID 21188975.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Laurus nobilis 'Aurea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Laurus nobilis". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ De Cleene, p.129.
- ^ Edith Hamilton, Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes (1942)
- ^ Brendon, Juliet & al. The Moon Year: A Record of Chinese Customs and Festivals, p. 410. Kelly & Walsh, 1927. Reprinted Routledge (Abingdon), 2011. Accessed 13 November 2013.
- ^ Zdic. "蟾宫折桂". 2013. Accessed 13 November 2013. (Chinese)
- ^ 杜近芳 [Du Jinfang]. 《红楼梦汉英习语词典》 ["A Dictionary of Chinese Idioms in the Dream of the Red Chamber"]. 2003. Accessed 13 November 2013. (English) & (Chinese)
- De Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2003). Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, Volume 1. Man & Culture. OCLC 482791069.
- Green, Aliza (2006). Field Guide to Herbs & Spices. Philadelphia: Quirk Books. ISBN 1-59474-082-8. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- Nayak, S; Nalabothu, P; Sandiford, S; Bhogadi, V; Adogwa, A (2006). "Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. and Laurus nobilis. L. extracts on rats". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6: 12. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-6-12. PMC 1456996. PMID 16597335.
- Wood, Jamie; Steinke, Lisa (2010). The Faerie's Guide to Green Magick from the Garden. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-58761-354-9. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- Vaughan, John Griffith; Geissler, Catherine (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-954946-X. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Examples of biological activity of bay laurel[edit]
- Simic, M; Kundaković, T; Kovacević, N (September 2003). "Preliminary assay on the antioxidative activity of Laurus nobilis extracts". Fitoterapia 74 (6): 613–6. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00143-6. PMID 12946729.
- Sayyah, M.; Saroukhani, G.; Peirovi, A.; Kamalinejad, M. (August 2003). "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn.". Phytother Res 17 (7): 733–6. doi:10.1002/ptr.1197. PMID 12916069.
- Sayyah, M; Valizadeh, J; Kamalinejad, M (April 2002). "Anticonvulsant activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis against pentylenetetrazole- and maximal electroshock-induced seizures". Phytomedicine 9 (3): 212–6. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00113. PMID 12046861.
- Talmud Bavli; Pessachim 56a: Laurel extract is used as part of a mixture to assist in grafting Palm trees.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
| Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurus_nobilis&oldid=642464787 |
"Notes: Western Ghats, High Altitudes, Cultivated, Native of Mediterranean Region"
United States
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
| Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Laurus+nobilis |
Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri
Chile Central
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
| Source | No source database. |
Chile Central
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
| Source | No source database. |
Habit: Tree
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Acrodictyopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Acrodictyopsis lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Ampulliferina dematiaceous anamorph of Ampulliferina lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, indistinctly clypeate perithecium of Anthostomella spartii is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse or discrete colony of Anungitea dematiaceous anamorph of Anungitea fragilis is saprobic on dead litter of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous, colonial Aspidioterus nerii sucks sap of live leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Beltrania dematiaceous anamorph of Beltrania querna is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Beltraniella dematiaceous anamorph of Beltraniella pirozynskii is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / spinner
caterpillar of Cacoecimorpha pronubana spins live leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / feeds on
Calepitrimerus russoi feeds on reddish brown or bronze mottled leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent pycnidium of Camarosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarosporium lauri is saprobic on dead twig of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 5-6
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Camposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Camposporium antennatum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Campsosporium anamorph of Campsosporium antennatum is saprobic on dead wood of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Campsosporium anamorph of Campsosporium cambrense is saprobic on dead wood of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Campsosporium anamorph of Campsosporium pellucidum is saprobic on dead wood of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara fungorum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara fusidioides is saprobic on dead Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara hughesii is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Circinotrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Circinotrichum britannicum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Coccus hesperidum sucks sap of live leaf (near veins) of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, numerous, gregarious pycnidium of Coleophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Coleophoma cylindrospora is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynesporopsis uniseptata is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Cylindrotrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Cylindrotrichum clavatum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Cylindrotrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Cylindrotrichum oligospermum is saprobic on dead Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, pseudoplurilocular pycnidium of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 5
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dactylaria anamorph of Dactylaria obtriangularia is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / pathogen
very numerous, gregarious but hardly crowded, immersed, raising the epidermis pycnidium of Phompsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe nobilis infects and damages cankered bark of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 4-9
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dictyochaeta dematiaceous anamorph of Dictyochaeta simplex is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 4-6
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Diplocladiella dematiaceous anamorph of Diplocladiella scalaroides is saprobic on fallen, dead, decaying leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pycnidium of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia laurina is saprobic on dead twig of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 5-6
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Ganoderma applanatum parasitises live trunk of Laurus nobilis
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ganoderma australe is saprobic on dead trunk of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent acervulus of Gloeosporidiella coelomycetous anamorph of Gloeosporidiella nobilis is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / parasite
Golovinomyces orontii parasitises live Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Hemibeltrania dematiaceous anamorph of Hemibeltrania mitrata is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, sessile to subsessile apothecium of Hyaloscypha mirabilis is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Hypocrea splendens is saprobic on dead branch of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 9-10
Foodplant / saprobe
epiphyllous, opening by little lid apothecium of Hysterostegiella lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 5-6
Foodplant / sap sucker
Icerya purchasi sucks sap of live Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Idriella dematiaceous anamorph of Idriella grisea is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Isthmolongispora anamorph of Isthmolongispora minima is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella ammophilae is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous, gregarious, subepidermal perithecium of Massarina papulosa is saprobic on dead leaf of litter of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming erumpent perithecium of Melanospora longisetosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
Melanospora pegleri is saprobic on fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Meripilus giganteus is saprobic on dead trunk (large) of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming erumpent pycnidium of Microsphaeropsis coelomycetous anamorph of Microsphaeropsis olivacea is saprobic on branch of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Microthyrium fagi is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Microthyrium lauri is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Mollisia rehmii is saprobic on fallen, dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, solitary perithecium of Nectriella consolationis is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous conidial anamorph of Oidium lauracearum parasitises live leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed stroma of Ceuthospora coelomycetous anamorph of Phacidium multivalve is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 1-4
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phaeoisaria dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeoisaria clavulata is saprobic on rotten wood of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / spot causer
scattered, epiphyllous pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta lauri causes spots on leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 11-12
Foodplant / spot causer
mycelium of Phytophthora ramorum causes spots on leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
becoming superficial, scattered pycnidium of Pleurophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Pleurophoma pleurospora is saprobic on dead Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 3,11
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Polyscytalum dematiaceous anamorph of Polyscytalum fecundissimum is saprobic on rotting leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Polyscytalum anamorph of Polyscytalum gracilisporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus pallipes grazes on leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous colony of Pseudocercospora dematiaceous anamorph of Pseudocercospora unicolor is saprobic on leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudomicrodochium anamorph of Pseudomicrodochium lauri is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pterygosporopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Pterygosporopsis fragilis is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Pulvinaria floccifera sucks sap of live leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pulvinaria regalis sucks sap of live branch of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Pyrenochaeta coelomycetous anamorph of Pyrenochaeta nobilis is saprobic on dead Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pyricularia dematiaceous anamorph of Pyricularia lauri is saprobic on leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
floccose colony of Septofusidium anamorph of Septofusidium elegantulum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Sesquicillium anamorph of Sesquicillium candelabrum is saprobic on litter of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella parva is saprobic on dead Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / saprobe
discrete or effuse colony of Subramaniomyces dematiaceous anamorph of Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 8
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Subulispora dematiaceous anamorph of Subulispora britannica is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Subulispora anamorph of Subulispora minima is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Tetraposporium ravenelii is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tricladium anamorph of Tricladium castaneicola is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / gall
Trioza alacris causes gall of curled, thick edged leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: late spring-
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium of Valsa ceratosperma is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Remarks: season: 11-3
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Weisneriomyces dematiaceous anamorph of Wiesneriomyces laurinus is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Zygosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Zygosporium echinosporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Zygosporium anamorph of Zygosporium gibbum is saprobic on dead leaf of Laurus nobilis
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| Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
| Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Laurus_nobilis.htm |
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 88
Specimens with Barcodes: 102
Species With Barcodes: 1