Liliopsida
EOL Text
Vein system resilient to damage: plants
The vein systems in some plant leaves are resilient to damage because they contain a high density of closed, interconnected loops.
"Leaf venation is a pervasive example of a complex biological network, endowing leaves with a transport system and mechanical resilience. Transport networks optimized for efficiency have been shown to be trees, i.e., loopless. However, dicotyledon leaf venation has a large number of closed loops, which are functional and able to transport fluid in the event of damage to any vein, including the primary veins. Inspired by leaf venation, we study two possible reasons for the existence of a high density of loops in transport networks: resilience to damage and fluctuations in load. In the first case, we seek the optimal transport network in the presence of random damage by averaging over damage to each link. In the second case, we seek the network that optimizes transport when the load is sparsely distributed: at any given time most sinks are closed. We find that both criteria lead to the presence of loops in the optimum state." (Katifori et al. 2010:048704)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Katifori E; Szöllősi GJ; Magnasco MO. 2010. Damage and fluctuations induce loops in optimal transport networks. Physical Review Letters. 104(4): 048704 - 048708.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
| Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/d41a93a6b006f4c35fe85df5ba37059f |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:213065
Specimens with Sequences:261528
Specimens with Barcodes:170631
Species:64920
Species With Barcodes:62081
Public Records:156927
Public Species:52460
Public BINs:0
monocots is prey of:
Arvicolinae
Calcarius
Based on studies in:
USA: Alaska, Barrow (Tundra)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- J. Brown, The structure and function of the tundra ecosystem, U.S. Tundra Biome 1971 Progress Rept. 1 (1971).
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
| Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:71670
Specimens with Sequences:83344
Specimens with Barcodes:58987
Species:20639
Species With Barcodes:19668
Public Records:55750
Public Species:17203
Public BINs:0
Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Liliopsida
Plant / resting place / among
Aegialia arenaria may be found among bases of Magnoliopsida
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / feeds on
Aeolothrips intermedius feeds on flower of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Alosterna tabacicolor visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 4-8
Plant / hibernates / within
prepupa? of Ametastegia glabrata hibernates inside soft wood of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Anastrangalia sanguinolenta visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-7
Foodplant / pathogen
Aphelenchoides fragariae infects and damages crumpled, distorted leaf of Magnoliopsida
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / sap sucker
Aphis fabae sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Aphodius ater may be found in decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Aphodius distinctus feeds on decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Aphodius fimetarius may be found in decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Aphodius foetidus feeds on decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Aphodius granarius may be found in decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Aphodius prodromus feeds on decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Aphodius pusillus feeds on decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Aphodius putridus may be found in decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Aphodius sphacelatus may be found in decomposing debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Aphodius subterraneus feeds on decomposing debris, compost of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / pathogen
Arabis Mosaic virus infects and damages Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Aulacorthum solani sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
Bagous tempestivus feeds on Magnoliopsida
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / internal feeder
Blaniulus guttulatus feeds within corm of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Brachycaudus helichrysi sucks sap of live, stunted, distorted Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Bruchidius olivaceus feeds on pollen of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-9
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Bruchus rufimanus feeds on pollen? of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-6(-8)
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Bruchus rufipes feeds on pollen? of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: (late 3-)5-6(-11)
Plant / resting place / on
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii may be found on live Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia horticola may be found in leaf-mine (end of) of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / miner
larva of Chromatomyia syngenesiae mines leaf of Magnoliopsida
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / visitor
adult of Chrysopidae visits for nectar and/or pollen flowers of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinellus subdisseminatus is saprobic on dead stick of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / pathogen
Dematophora anamorph of Dematophora necatrix infects and damages root of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / pathogen
Ditylenchus dipsaci infects and damages live Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Drymeia hamata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Erythricium laetum is saprobic on old, dead debris of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Euheptaulacus villosus may be found in rotten Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
Frankliniella intonsa feeds on live flower of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
Frankliniella occidentalis feeds on petal of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Gonocerus acuteangulatus sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Grammoptera abdominalis visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: end 4-8
Foodplant / visitor
Grammoptera ruficornis visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 4-7
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Grammoptera ustulata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: (4-) early 6 (-8)
Foodplant / saprobe
Helicobasidium longisporum is saprobic on root of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis feeds on Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Heptaulacus testudinarius may be found in rotten Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / on
Hercinothrips bicinctus may be found on live Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / on
Hercinothrips femoralis may be found on live Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
imago of Hylobius abietis feeds on bark of tree (young) of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Judolia sexmaculata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-8
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Leptura aurulenta visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-8
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Leptura quadrifasciata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / open feeder
Longidorus grazes on root of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Macrosiphum euphorbiae sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Marasmius corbariensis is associated with dead, fallen leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / gall
Meloidogyne causes gall of root of Magnoliopsida
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Musca domestica feeds on decaying debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Myzus ascalonicus sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Myzus ornatus sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / sap sucker
Myzus persicae sucks sap of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / parasite
Olpidium brassicae parasitises live root of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Orsodacne cerasi feeds on anther of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 4-9
Foodplant / miner
larva of Orthochaetes insignis mines leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / miner
larva of Orthochaetes setiger mines leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / open feeder
subterranean larva of Otiorhynchus sulcatus grazes on root of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / within
imago of Oxyomus sylvestris may be found in refuse of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Pachytodes cerambyciformis visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-8
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Paracorymbia fulva visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 6-8
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella paludicola is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
superficial, clustered pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma glomerata feeds on Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma macrostoma feeds on Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma violacea feeds on Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Physalacria stilboidea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / pathogen
Pratylenchus infects and damages root of Magnoliopsida
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / hibernates / within
prepupa of Protoemphytus tener hibernates inside soft wood of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella noli-tangere is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed leaves of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella spadiceogrisea is saprobic on dead, decaying debris of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: Spring and Autumn
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Pseudovadonia livida visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
Rhizophydium sphaerotheca is saprobic on dead pollen grain of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / pathogen
Rhizopus stolonifer infects and damages fruit of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster viridis grazes on leaf of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / sap sucker
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae sucks sap of live leaf of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: summer
Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Rhyparochromus pini sucks sap of seed of Magnoliopsida
Plant / resting place / among
Rhyssemus germanus may be found among bases of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Rutpela maculata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent to superficial perithecium of Scopinella solani is saprobic on decaying litter of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 12-8
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sistotrema subtrigonospermum is saprobic on dead, decayed litter of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Stenurella melanura visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Stenurella nigra visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-7
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Stictoleptura rubra visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: (5)7-8(9)
Foodplant / feeds on
Taeniothrips atratus feeds on Magnoliopsida
Plant / associate
imago of Tenthredinidae is associated with flower of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo mesomelas grazes on leaf of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / web feeder
mainly hypophyllous, colonial Tetranychus cinnabarinum feeds from web on live leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / web feeder
mainly hypophyllous, colonial Tetranychus urticae feeds from web on live leaf of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Thrips atratus feeds on live flower of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-10
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Thrips flavus feeds on pollen of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 7-9
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Thrips fuscipennis feeds on pollen of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-8
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Thrips major feeds on pollen of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Plant / resting place / on
larva of Thrips tabaci may be found on live Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Thrips vulgatissimus feeds on pollen of Magnoliopsida
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / open feeder
Trichodorus grazes on root of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula hollandii is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Magnoliopsida
Foodplant / open feeder
Xiphinema grazes on root of Magnoliopsida
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
| Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Magnoliopsida.htm |