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裸子植物
Pinus coulteri D. Don
EOL Text
Trees to 24m; trunk to 1m diam., straight to contorted; crown broad, thin, irregular. Bark dark gray-brown to near black, deeply furrowed, with long, scaly, irregularly anastomosing, rounded ridges. Branches often ascending; twigs stout to moderately slender, violet-brown, often glaucous, aging gray-brown, rough. Buds ovoid, deep red-brown, 1.5(--3)cm, resinous; scale margins white-fringed, apex cuspidate. Leaves 3 per fascicle, slightly spreading, not drooping, mostly ascending in a brush, persisting 3--4 years, 15--30cm ´ ca. 2mm, slightly curved or straight, twisted, dusty gray-green, all surfaces with pale, fine stomatal lines, margins serrulate, apex abruptly subulate; sheath 2--4cm, base persistent. Pollen cones ovoid to cylindric, to 25mm, light purple-brown, aging orange-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, gradually shedding seeds thereafter and moderately persistent, massive, heavy, drooping, asymmetric at base, narrowly ovoid before opening, ovoid-cylindric when open, 20--35cm, pale yellow-brown, resinous, stalks to 3cm; apophyses transverse-rhombic, strongly and sharply cross-keeled, elongate, curved, continuous with umbos to form long, upcurved claws 2.5--3cm. Seeds obovoid; body 15--22mm, dark brown; wing to 25mm. 2 n =24.
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| Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
| Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500931 |
More info for the term: tree
Tree
Females of the southern race of white-headed woodpeckers forage for
insects almost exclusively on lower main trunks of Coulter pine, while
male white-headed woodpeckers extensively use the cones [33]. The seeds
are also a dependable year-round food source for western gray squirrels
[7]. Black-tailed deer rarely browse even young trees [23].
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
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| Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42352 |
Coulter pine first bears cones at 10 to 15 years of age [7,31,38]. The
interval between good seed crops is 3 to 6 years [31]. Cones may
persist up to 5 or 6 years [31,41]. Seed dispersal is limited due to
the large size of seed. Seed viability is generally high. Seedling
establishment is best on mineral soil in full sun. Early growth is
rapid [7,23,31,38]. (See the Fire Ecology frame for a discussion of the
role of fire in Coulter pine regeneration.)
More info for the term: serpentine soils
Coulter pine occurs in a mediterranean climate. Winter rains are
infrequent, and the summer is dry with occasional summer thunderstorms
[37,40,52].
Coulter pine is most frequent on steep south-facing slopes and ridges
[4,22,52]. Soils may be poor to fertile, and are typically dry.
Coulter pine is an indicator of serpentine soils, but also occurs on a
variety of other substrates. Soils range from loamy to gravelly or
rocky in texture [22,29,30]. Coulter pine occurs between 500 to 7,000
feet (150-2,120 m) elevation [47,55].
Historia de vida
Especie de pino que ha sido agrupado en un grupo resistente al fuego, sobreviviendo los árboles adultos al mismo; la mayoría son altos, con gruesa corteza, aciculas largas y gruesas ramas. Sus conos son pesados y con escamas que presentan espinas; semillas grandes con alas largas, y son lentas para iniciar la producción de semillas. Es menos divergente del grupo (P. sabiniana, P. torreyana), con lento crecimiento y de tamaño menor; la parcialidad serotina aparentemente le da una ventaja reproductiva después del fuego sobre otras especies del grupo (P. lambertiana) (McCune 1988).
P. coulteri, la igual que P. torreyana (Bradron 1949; Vogl 1973; en Keeley &Zedler, 1998), tiene conos que mantienen el árbol por años y se abren al madurar sin estimulo del calor. Una gran porción de las semillas salen en las primeras semanas, pero algunas son mantenidas en la porción proximal del cono y caen a lo largo de grandes periodos, posiblemente en respuesta al movimiento gradual causado por la humedad y sequía (Keelley &Zedler 1998).
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| Rights holder/Author | CONABIO |
| Source | http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/ise/fichasnom/Pinuscoulteri00.pdf |
More info for the term: natural
Coulter pine occurs in a variety of plant associations, but seldom forms
extensive pure stands [18]. Where they do occur, communities dominated
by Coulter pine intergrade with chaparral and lower montane coniferous
forest [5,24,27,47]. Coulter pine is named as a dominant species in the
following published classifications:
Terrestrial natural communities of California [22]
Vegetation types of the San Bernadino Mountains [25]
Vegetation of the San Bernadino Mountains [37]
A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [42]
Mixed evergreen forest [45]
Vascular plant communities of California [47]
Montane and subalpine forests of the Transverse and Peninsular ranges [48]
An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San
Jacinto Mountains [52]
Associated trees not mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence include
sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), bristlecone fir (Abies bracteata),
incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), Sargent cypress (Cupressus
sargentii), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), California bay
(Umbellularia californica), bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
macrocarpa), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and birchleaf
mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides)
[4,7,22,24,47,48,55]. Understory associates include chamise (Adenostoma
fasciculatum), Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), Pringle
manzanita (A. pringlei), pointleaf manzanita (A. pugens), deerbrush
(Ceanothus integerrimus), annual hairgrass (Deschampsia danthonioides),
rareflower heterocodon (Heterocodon rariflorum), golden violet (Viola
douglasii), and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) [4,19,37,48,52].