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被子植物
Tilia
EOL Text
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Acronicta psi grazes on live leaf of Tilia
Plant / associate
Aderus oculatus is associated with Tilia
Plant / associate
Aderus populneus is associated with Tilia
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Ampedus cardinalis feeds within wood of Tilia
Foodplant / feeds on
Ampedus praeustus feeds on Tilia
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Ampedus rufipennis feeds within wood of Tilia
Plant / associate
Amphimallon solstitialis is associated with Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
Amphicytostroma coelomycetous anamorph of Amphiporthe hranicensis is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 3-4
Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, mostly immersed perithecium of Apiognomonia errabunda is saprobic on dead leaf of Tilia
Remarks: season: 3-5
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Auricularia auricula-judae is saprobic on wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Bertia moriformis var. moriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Bisporella sulfurina is saprobic on fallen branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-2
Foodplant / gall
egg of Blepharidopterus angulatus causes gall of twig (1-2 years old) of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bolbitius reticulatus is saprobic on decayed wood of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus aereus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus appendiculatus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus impolitus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus luridiformis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus luridus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus luridus var. luridus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus pseudosulphureus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus pulverulentus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus queletii is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Boletus radicans is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Byssomerulius corium is saprobic on fallen, decayed wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Caliroa annulipes grazes on live leaf of Tilia
Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis atropuncta is associated with Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pycnidium of Camarosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarosporium tiliae is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 11-6
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Cardiophorus gramineus feeds within wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chaetopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetopsis grisea is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Tilia
Plant / associate
subiculate Oedemium dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaerella fusca is associated with diatrypaceous fungus infested, fallen branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-2
Plant / associate
subiculate perithecium of Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma is associated with fungus infected, fallen branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chloridium anamorph of Chloridium virescens var. virescens is saprobic on dead Tilia
Foodplant / pathogen
fruitbody of Collybia fusipes infects and damages live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza
fruitbody of Coltricia montagnei is mycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed or partly immersed pycnidium of Coniella coelomycetous anamorph of Coniella castaneicola is saprobic on dead leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
larva of Contarinia tiliarum causes gall of leaf (vein) of Tilia
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis ochraceolanata is saprobic on decayed wood chip of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersd, often in small groups perithecium of Coronophora angustata is saprobic on branch of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius cephalixus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius cinnabarinus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius infractus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Cortinarius ochroleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora olivacea is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crepidotus cinnabarinus is saprobic on decayed, dead, fallen trunk of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
Cylindrodendrum anamorph of Cylindrodendrum album is saprobic on dead Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, often almost astromatic, plurilocular pycnidium of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora carphosperma is saprobic on dead bark of Tilia
Remarks: season: 12-6
Foodplant / saprobe
bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura thomasiana causes gall of leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura tiliamvolvens causes gall of leaf of Tilia
Plant / resting place / on
Dendrothrips degeeri may be found on live leaf of Tilia
Plant / resting place / on
Dendrothrips ornatus may be found on live leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Denticollis linearis feeds within wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
long covered, but eventually erumpent through fissure pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 6-12
Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pycnidium of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia tiliae is saprobic on dead twig of Tilia
Remarks: season: 10-11
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered or in small groups pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodiella fibricola is saprobic on decorticate wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: 8-11
Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous conidioma of Discosia coelomycetous anamorph of Discosia artocreas is saprobic on dead leaf of Tilia
Remarks: season: 10-4
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, in small groups apothecium of Encoelia tiliacea is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 8-10
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma lividoalbum is associated with Tilia
Foodplant / web feeder
hypophyllous, colonial Eotetranychus tiliarum feeds from web on live leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes exilis causes gall of leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes leiosoma causes gall of bract of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes tetratrichus causes gall of bract of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes tiliae nervalis causes gall of leaf of Tilia
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Ernoporus caucasicus feeds within cambium of Tilia
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous aphid of Eucallipterus tiliae sucks sap of live leaf of Tilia
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Eutypa flavovirens is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic perithecium of Eutypella scoparia is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-4
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidia nucleata is saprobic on dead, fallen, usually decorticate wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidia plana is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidiopsis calcea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Exosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Exosporium tiliae is saprobic on dead twig of Tilia
Remarks: season: 6-9
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clustered in groups of up to 15 pseudothecium of Fenestella vestita is saprobic on dead branch (small) of Tilia
Remarks: season: 2-3
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: mainly winter
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Ganoderma applanatum parasitises live trunk of Tilia
Foodplant / feeds on
Hedobia imperialis feeds on Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Helminthosporium velutinum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, grouped, stromatic perithecium of Hercospora tiliae is saprobic on dead twig of Tilia
Remarks: season: 12-3
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hohenbuehelia fluxilis is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hygrophorus chrysodon is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hymenochaete cinnamomea is saprobic on dead, attached bark of Tilia
Plant / associate
hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster arenarius is associated with Tilia
Plant / associate
epigeous or hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster olivaceus is associated with Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Plant / associate
hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster vulgaris is associated with Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus caudatus is saprobic on decaying petiole of Tilia
Remarks: season: 6-12
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe adaequata is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe bongardii is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe bresadolae is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe erubescens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: season: 6-summer
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus hispidus is saprobic on dead trunk of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Dendryphiopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops is saprobic on decorticate branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 12-4
Foodplant / parasite
superficial stroma of Kretzschmaria deusta parasitises root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
caespitose fruitbody of Kuehneromyces mutabilis is saprobic on decayed, dead stump (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
immersed acervulus of Lamproconium coelomycetous anamorph of Lamproconium desmazieri causes spots on live branch of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria ovina is saprobic on Armillaria mellea-decayed wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial apothecium of Lecanidion atratum is saprobic on decorticate wood of Tilia
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Leccinum aurantiacum is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lentinellus vulpinus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Lucanus cervus feeds within dead or rotten wood of esp. stump of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Macrotyphula fistulosa var. contorta is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Tilia
Plant / associate
larva of Melangyna cincta is associated with aphid-infested Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia discolor var. longispora is saprobic on branch of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia ligni is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph of Monodictys lepraria is saprobic on dead, dry, decorticate branch of Tilia
Foodplant / pathogen
stroma of Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella microsora infects and damages live twig of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, immersed pseudothecia of Mycosphaerella punctiformis is saprobic on overwintered, fallen leaf of Tilia
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / pathogen
Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina infects and damages branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nitschkia cupularis is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 10-4
Plant / associate
perithecium of Nitschkia parasitans is associated with dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, partly immersed perithecium of Ohleria rugulosa is saprobic on decorticate, dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia alnea is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Orsodacne cerasi feeds on anther of Tilia
Remarks: season: 4-9
Foodplant / sap sucker
Orthotylus nassatus sucks sap of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oudemansiella mucida is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oxyporus latemarginatus is saprobic on dead, fallen usually decayed, white rotten trunk (large) of Tilia
Foodplant / gall
Patchiella reaumuri causes gall of shoot tip of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora boidinii is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora rufomarginata is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Perenniporia fraxinea is saprobic on live trunk (base) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Phalera bucephala grazes on live leaf of Tilia
Remarks: season: 8-9
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota squarrosa is saprobic on relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phylloporus pelletieri is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pleurothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Pleurothecium recurvatum is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pleurotus dryinus is saprobic on live, standing trunk of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus petasatus is saprobic on dead, decayed stump (large) of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus phlebophorus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus leptocephalus is saprobic on dead, decayed stump (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus tuberaster is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus umbellatus is saprobic on root? of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia subcaesia is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Procraerus tibialis feeds within wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, exposed by peeling back or shedding of host periderm apothecium of Propolis farinosa is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 1-12 (best condition: 2-3)
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Pseudomassaria chondrospora is saprobic on twig (thin) of Tilia
Remarks: season: 2-4
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pulvinaria regalis sucks sap of live branch of Tilia
Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Pyrrhocoris apterus sucks sap of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus applicatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Rigidoporus ulmarius is saprobic on dead, white-rotted stump (large) of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
Roscoepoundia coelomycetous anamorph of Roscoepoundia croceola is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Rosellinia aquila is saprobic on dead branch of Tilia
Remarks: season: 2-5
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula amoenolens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula cyanoxantha is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula delica is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula grisea is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula inamoena is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula melitodes is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula nigricans is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula parazurea is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula pectinatoides is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula praetervisa is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula pseudoaffinis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula subfoetens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula vesca is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Schizophyllum commune is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Scleroderma bovista is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
few, amphigenous (?), scattered or circinate pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria tiliae causes spots on live leaf of Tilia
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Simocybe centunculus var. centunculus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed log (large) of Tilia
Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Sinodendron cylindricum may be found in sawdust-packed tunnel in dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis vulgaris is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed branch (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent pseudothecium of Splanchospora ampullacea is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium socium is saprobic on wood or bark of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
imago of Stenostola dubia grazes on live leaf of Tilia
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Stenostola ferrea feeds on Tilia
Plant / resting place / within
larva of Thrips calcaratus may be found in live bud of Tilia
Remarks: season: 6-7
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes gibbosa is saprobic on dead, decayed stump (large) of Tilia
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes ochracea is saprobic on dead wood of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
sclerotial fruitbody of Typhula phacorrhiza is saprobic on damp, dead, decayed leaf of litter of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / gall
haustorium of Viscum album causes gall of branch of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Vuilleminia comedens is saprobic on dead, decorticate, attached branch of Tilia
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Xerocomellus engelii is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Xerocomus bubalinus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Tilia
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Xylohypha dematiaceous anamorph of Xylohypha nigrescens is saprobic on wood of Tilia
Plant / associate
hypogeous fruitbody of Zelleromyces stephensii is associated with Tilia
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Tilia.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:82
Specimens with Sequences:182
Specimens with Barcodes:132
Species:18
Species With Barcodes:17
Public Records:19
Public Species:8
Public BINs:0
Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Commonly called lime trees in the British Isles, they are not closely related to the lime fruit. Other names include linden and basswood. The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity is found in Asia. Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus into the Malvaceae.
Tilia species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40 metres (66 to 130 ft) tall, with oblique-cordate leaves 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in) across. As with elms, the exact number of species is uncertain, as many if not most of the species will hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. Limes are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects.
Contents
Name[edit]
The genus is generally called lime or linden in Britain[1] and linden, lime, or basswood in North America.[2]
"Lime" is an altered form of Middle English lind, in the 16th century also line, from Old English feminine lind or linde, Proto-Germanic *lendā, cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā "liana". Within Germanic languages, English "lithe", German lind "lenient, yielding" are from the same root.
"Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden, the plural of German Linde.[3] Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "lime" (Citrus aurantifolia, family Rutaceae). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from bast, the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree.
Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea, "elm tree", τιλίαι, tiliai, "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar.[4]
Description[edit]
The Tilia 's sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage.[5]
The leaves of all the Tilia species are heart-shaped and most are asymmetrical, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hang attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American Tilia species are similar, except the American bears a petal-like scale among its stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the Tilia species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. Tilia is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in the fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds will go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate.[5]
In particular, aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees.
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Leaf of common lime (Tilia × europaea) showing venation
History[edit]
In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A coppice of T. cordata in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire is estimated to be 2,000 years old.[1] In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a Tilia which, by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the Empress Cunigunde, the wife of Henry II of Germany circa 1000. The Tilia of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell.[5] The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already magnam (huge). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155 a linden tree was already on this spot. The Najevnik linden tree (Slovene: Najevska lipa), a 700 years old Tilia cordata, is the thickest tree in Slovenia.[6]
- The excellence of the honey of far-famed Hyblaean Mountains[7] was due to the linden trees that covered its sides and crowned its summit.
- Lime fossils have been found in the Tertiary formations of Grinnell Land, Canada, at 82° N latitude, and in Spitzbergen, Norway. Sapporta believed he had found there the common ancestor of the Tilia species of Europe and America.[5]
Uses[edit]
The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired.[5] The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures; this kind of use is particularly popular in Europe and also used in North American herbal medicine practices.
Wood[edit]
Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre.[8] During the Viking era it was often used[by whom?] for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss, Tilman Riemenschneider, and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor Grinling Gibbons[9] (1648-1721). The wood is used in marionette- and puppet-making and -carving. Having a fine light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives it remains one of the main materials used as of 2015[update].
Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric guitar and bass bodies and for wind instruments such as recorders. Percussion manufacturers sometimes use tilia as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and their aesthetics.
The aquarium industry uses lime wood as an air diffuser inside protein skimmers. Air pumped through the grain of the wood turns into consistently very fine bubbles (0.5-1.0 mm), difficult to achieve with any other natural or man-made medium. However, the wood decomposes underwater much faster than ceramic air stones and must be replaced more frequently for maximum efficiency.
Limewood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.
Bark[edit]
Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong[10]fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre.
Herbalism[edit]
Most medicinal research has focused on Tilia cordata,[citation needed] although other species are also used medicinally and somewhat interchangeably. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants) and volatile oils. The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent.[11]
Linden flowers are used in herbalism for colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), and as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative.[12] In the traditional Austrian medicine Tilia sp. flowers have been used internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever and flu.[13] New evidence shows that the flowers may be hepatoprotective.[14] The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue). That wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg.[11]
Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. Tilia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia.
Classification[edit]
The following list comprises those most widely accepted as species, hybrids, and cultivars.
Species[edit]
- Tilia americana L. – Basswood, American Linden
- Tilia amurensis – Amur Lime, Amur Linden
- Tilia argentea – Silver Lime
- Tilia caroliniana – Carolina Basswood
- Tilia chinensis
- Tilia chingiana Hu & W.C.Cheng
- Tilia cordata Mill. – Small-leaved Lime, Little-leaf Linden or Greenspire Linden
- Tilia dasystyla Steven
- Tilia henryana Szyszyl. – Henry's Lime, Henry's Linden
- Tilia heterophylla Vent. – White Basswood
- Tilia hupehensis – Hubei Lime
- Tilia insularis
- Tilia intonsa
- Tilia japonica – Japanese Lime, Shina (When used as a laminate)
- †Tilia johnsoni Wolfe & Wehr Eocene; Washington and British Columbia
- Tilia kiusiana
- Tilia mandshurica – Manchurian Lime
- Tilia maximowicziana
- Tilia mexicana (T. americana var. mexicana)
- Tilia miqueliana
- Tilia mongolica Maxim. –Mongolian Lime, Mongolian Linden
- Tilia nasczokinii – Nasczokin's Lime, Nasczokin's Linden
- Tilia nobilis
- Tilia occidentalis – West lime
- Tilia oliveri – Oliver's Lime
- Tilia paucicostata
- Tilia platyphyllos Scop. – Large-leaved Lime
- Tilia rubra – Red Stem Lime (syn. T. platyphyllos var. rubra)
- Tilia tomentosa Moench – Silver Lime, Silver Linden
- Tilia tuan
Hybrids and cultivars[edit]
- Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
- Tilia × europaea – Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
- Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
- Tilia 'Flavescens' – Glenleven Linden (T. americana × T. cordata)
- Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
- Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
- Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Gallery[edit]
-
Tilia heterophylla (syn. T. monticola)
See also[edit]
- International World War Peace Tree, a Tilia tree that stands as a sign of Germany's alliance with the United States
- St Lawrence Lime, a former lime tree in Canterbury, England
- Lime tree in culture
References[edit]
- ^ Brown, Lesley (ed.). 2002. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 1, A–M. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1600.
- ^ Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 2000. Electronic version 2.5. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
- ^ OED
- ^ IEW
- ^ a b c d e Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 24–31.
- ^ Šmid Hribar, Mateja. "Najevska lipa" [Najevnik Linden Tree]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Golež, Gregor; Podjed, Dan; Kladnik, Drago; Erhartič, Bojan; Pavlin, Primož; Ines, Jerele. Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Honey". 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 22, 2011. …honey most esteemed by the ancients was that of Mount Hybla in Sicily…
- ^ Lime timber. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.
- ^ "Hampton Court Palace: Grinling Gibbons". Hrp.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
- ^ Kallio, Edwin; Richard M. Godman (1973). American Basswood... an American Wood. US Forest Service. p. 5.
- ^ a b Bradley P., ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142–144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)
- ^ Coleta, M; Campos, M. G.; Cotrim, M. D.; Proença Da Cunha, A (2001). "Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. And Hypericum perforatum L. In the elevated plus maze anxiety test". Pharmacopsychiatry. 34 Suppl 1: S20–1. PMID 11518069.
- ^ Vogl, Sylvia; Picker, Paolo; Mihaly-Bison, Judit; Fakhrudin, Nanang; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Heiss, Elke H.; Wawrosch, Christoph; Reznicek, Gottfried; Dirsch, Verena M.; Saukel, Johannes; Kopp, Brigitte (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 (3): 750. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMID 23770053.
- ^ Matsuda, Hisashi; Ninomiya, Kiyofumi; Shimoda, Hiroshi; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2002). "Hepatoprotective principles from the flowers of Tilia argentea (Linden): Structure requirements of tiliroside and mechanisms of action". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 10 (3): 707. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00321-2.
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Tilia henryana Szyszyl., commonly known as Henry's Lime, was introduced to the West from China by Ernest Wilson in 1901. The tree is native to the provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang,[1] and was named for the Irish plantsman and sinologist Augustine Henry, who discovered it in 1888.
Description[edit]
Henry's Lime is a deciduous tree growing to 25 m in height, its bark pale grey and fissured. The sea green leaves are cordate, < 10 cm long, with distinctive ciliate margins, and are borne on 3–5 cm petioles. The tiny pale, almost white, fragrant flowers appear in clusters of up to 20 in autumn.
Cultivation[edit]
The original clone in commerce grew very slowly, but faster-growing clones are now available. The tree performs best in sheltered locations.[2]
Varieties[edit]
Two varieties are recognized, var. henryana and var. subglabra, principally distinguished by branchlets that are yellow, stellate tomentose, and glabrous, resp.
References[edit]
- ^ Tang, Y., Gilbert, M. G., & Dorr, L. J. Tiliaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) (2007). Flora of China, Vol. 12. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [1]
- ^ White, J. & More, D. (2003) Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London. ISBN 0-304-36192-5
Further reading[edit]
- Taylor, N. P. Tab. 846 Tilia henryana Tiliaceae. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 184.1 (1982): 37–40.
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilia_henryana&oldid=630801389 |
Trees to 25 m. Bark pale gray, fissured; branchlets and buds yellow stellate tomentose or glabrous. Petiole 3-5 cm, yellow tomentose; leaf blade orbicular, 6-10 × 6-10 cm, abaxially densely yellow stellate tomentose or hairy only in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, lateral veins 5-6 pairs, extending into 3-5 mm awns, base cordate, sometimes oblique, margin serrate, apex broadly rounded, shortly caudate. Cymes 30-100-flowered, 10-12 cm; peduncle stellate puberulent. Bracts narrowly oblanceolate, 7-10 × 1-1.3 cm, adnate to peduncle for 3-5 cm, abaxially yellow stellate puberulent, adaxially sometimes glabrous, base narrow, apex obtuse; stalk 0.7-2 cm. Pedicel 7-9 mm, hairy. Sepals narrowly ovate, 4-5 mm, abaxially hairy. Petals 6-7 mm. Stamens as long as sepals; staminodes shorter than petals. Ovary hairy; style ca. 4 mm. Fruit obovoid, 5-angled, 7-9 mm, stellate hairy; exocarp woody, hard, indehiscent. Fl. Jun. 2n = 164*.
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● Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013624 |