Banksia
EOL Text
Banksia ser. Tetragonae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of three closely related species of erect shrub with pendulous inflorescences in section Banksia.[1] These are B. lemanniana (Lemann's Banksia), B. caleyi (Cayley's Banksia) and B. aculeata (Prickly Banksia).
References
- ^ George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
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Banksia ser. Spicigerae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of the seven species in section Oncostylis that have cylindrical inflorescences. These range in form from small shrubs to tall trees. The leaves grow in either an alternate or whorled pattern, with various shape forms. The Spicigerae inflorescence is held erect, subtended by a whorl of branchlets, and retains a regular pattern until anthesis. The perianth limb is horizontal until anthesis, at which point the perianth opens from underneath. The pollen-presenter is ovoid or conical. The seed wings are not notched.
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Taxa
Five of the Spicigerae are endemic to southwest Western Australia. The other two, Banksia ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and Banksia spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), are endemic to the east coast of Australia. It is therefore thought to be the oldest of the series, having developed before the onset of aridity in the Nullarbor Plain.
Species and subspecies
- B. spinulosa comprising:
- B. ericifolia comprising:
- B. verticillata
- B. seminuda
- B. littoralis
- B. occidentalis
- B. brownii
See also
References
- George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
- George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.
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Shrub maintains biodiversity: Banksia
Scrubland ecosystem depends on a shrub, Banksia, to maintain multiple ecological functions through mutualism.
"One example of a keystone mutualist is Banksia prionotes, a shrub in the Proteaceae. At certain seasons of the year, honeyeaters and other nectar-feeding birds in the scrublands of southwestern Australia must rely solely on Banksia flowers for nourishment. The rest of the year, these honeyeaters vector pollen for many other plants and play an important role in maintaining what is, along with South Africa's fynbos, one of the most diverse plant communities outside the tropics. Eliminate Banksia and there go honeyeaters, followed by any number of plant species dependent on their services." (Baskin 1997:47-48)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Baskin, Y. 1997. The Work of Nature: How The Diversity Of Life Sustains Us. Island Press.
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Banksia sect. Oncostylis is one of four sections of subgenus Banksia subg. Banksia. It contains those Banksia species with hooked pistils. All of the species in Oncostylis also exhibit a top-down sequence of flower anthesis, except for Banksia nutans which is bottom-up.
Banksia sect. Oncostylis is further divided into four series, primarily on the overall shape of the inflorescence:
- Banksia ser. Spicigerae consists of seven species with cylindrical inflorescences.
- Banksia ser. Tricuspidae contains a single species, Banksia tricuspis.
- Banksia ser. Dryandroideae contains a single species, Banksia dryandroides.
- Banksia ser. Abietinae contains 13 species with inflorescences that are spherical or nearly so.
All Oncostylis species are endemic to southwest Western Australia, except for two members of series Spicigerae, Banksia ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and Banksia spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), which are endemic to the east coast of Australia.
See also
References
- George, A. S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
- George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.
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Fire opens seed capsules: banksia
Seeds of Banksia plants are dispersed via two-valved seed capsules that open in high fire temperatures.
"Banksias are spectacular evergreen bushes and trees related to the proteas of South Africa but, with the exception of one whose range extends into the Pacific, they are totally restricted to Australia. Of the 75 or so species that exist, 60 grow only in this south-western corner [of Australia]. Their strange inflorescences consist of several thousand small florets massed together in a single spike and arranged in vertical lines, that in some species have a gentle spiral twist…They take several months to develop and then open over several weeks. Birds such as lorikeets and marsupials like the honey possum come to drink nectar from them and in the course of doing so pollinate them. Usually, however, only a small proportion of the florets produce seed. In some species, those that are unsuccessful remain attached to the flower head, forming a grey rather bristly fur…It takes about a year for the seeds to mature. Like the bottlebrush, some banksias will not shed their seeds unless there is a fire. Indeed, it is almost impossible to remove them from the plant because they are held in hard woody two-valved capsules. But as the flames scorch the branches, the intense heat causes the capsules to open. Their front ends resemble pairs of brown lips on the side of the furry spike…By releasing their seeds only in the wake of a fire, the banksias ensure that they will fall on well-cleaned, brightly-lit ground recently fertilised with ash and so get the most favourable of starts in what is, even at best, an extremely harsh and demanding environment." (Attenborough 1995:188-190)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Attenborough, D. 1995. The Private Life of Plants: A Natural History of Plant Behavior. London: BBC Books. 320 p.
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Banksia ser. Dryandra is a series of 94 species of shrub to small tree in the plant genus Banksia. It was considered a separate genus named Dryandra until early 2007, when it was merged into Banksia on the basis of extensive molecular and morphological evidence that Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra.
They are found only in the southwestern corner of Western Australia. They have never been popular among gardeners among the rest of Australia due to their dislike of the humid and subtropical conditions which dominate the east coast.
The series was named in honour of Swedish botanist Jonas C. Dryander.
They are arguably among the most attractive and showy of all members of Proteaceae.
Banksia ser. Dryandra species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Dryandra Moth.
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Taxonomy
The first specimens of a Dryandra were collected by Archibald Menzies, surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition. At the request of Joseph Banks, Menzies collected natural history specimens wherever possible during the voyage. During September and October 1791, while the expedition were anchored at King George Sound, he collected numerous plant specimens, including the first specimens of B. sessilis (Parrotbush) and B. pellaeifolia. Upon Menzies' return to England, he turned his specimens over to Banks; as with most other specimens in Banks' library, they remained undescribed for many years.[1]
Further specimens were collected in late 1792 by Jacques Labillardière, one of five naturalists in Bruni d'Entrecasteaux's expedition in search of the lost expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse. While ashore west of Esperance Bay between 11 and 18 December, Labillardière collected the first specimens of B. nivea (Honeypot Dryandra).[1]
Distribution and habitat
Endemic to Western Australia, Dryandra occurs virtually throughout the South West Botanic Province, and also, to a much lesser degree, in southwest parts of the Eremaean Province.
References
- ^ a b Cavanagh, Tony and Margaret Pieroni (2006). The Dryandras. Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. ISBN 1-876473-54-1.
- ^ "Dryandra". FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21318.
- Mast, Austin and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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Banksia ser. Ochraceae is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series within the plant genus Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.
Cladistics[edit]
The name came about after a cladistic analysis of Banksia by Thiele and Pauline Ladiges yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with the arrangement of Alex George. They found George's B. ser. Cyrtostylis to be "widely polyphyletic", with six of its fourteen taxa occurring singly in locations throughout the cladogram; these were transferred to other series or left incertae sedis. The remaining eight taxa formed a clade, which further resolved into two subclades:[1]
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Taxonomy[edit]
Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into a new series, retaining only the taxa of the first clade in B. ser. Cyrtostylis. The new series was given the name B. ser. Ochraceae, from the Latin ochraceae ("ochre-coloured"), in reference to the colour of the inflorescences of most species in that series. It was formally defined as containing those species with "linear-terete pollen-presenters that are scarcely distinct from the style, very small, narrowly flabellate-tridentate early seedling leaves, and often browning-orange inflorescences". B. benthamiana (Bentham's Banksia) was designated the type species.[1]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Ochraceae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows:[1]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
- B. elegans (incertae sedis)
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. ser. Tetragonae (4 species)
- B. ser. Lindleyanae (1 species)
- B. ser. Banksia (2 subseries, 12 species)
- B. baueri (incertae sedis)
- B. lullfitzii (incertae sedis)
- B. attenuata (incertae sedis)
- B. ashbyi (incertae sedis)
- B. coccinea (incertae sedis)
- B. ser. Prostratae (8 species)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis (4 species)
- B. ser. Ochraceae
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Salicinae (2 series, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
- B. ser. Spicigerae (3 series, 7 species, 6 varieties)
- B. ser. Quercinae (2 species)
- B. ser. Dryandroideae (1 species)
- B. ser. Abietinae (4 subseries, 15 species, 8 varieties)
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when it was overturned by George.
Recent developments[edit]
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements. With respect to B. ser. Ochraceae, Mast's results differ somewhat from the arrangement of Thiele and Ladiges. B. benthamiana and B. audax appear to be closely related, but B. laevigata forms only one of three polytomous sister clades to it, and the clade corresponding to Thiele and Ladiges' B. ser. Cyrtostylis is not particularly close.[2][3][4]
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser. Ochraceae fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but nothing further has been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany (CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society) 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- ^ Mast, Austin; Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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Banksia ser. Banksia is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of Banksia, B. serrata (Saw Banksia). Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.
Contents
According to Bentham[edit]
Banksia ser. Banksia originated in 1870 as Banksia sect. Orthostylis. Published by George Bentham in 1870, B. sect. Orthostylis consisted of those, Return of Red Emma Banksia species with flat leaves with serrated margins, and rigid, erect styles that "give the cones after the flowers have opened a different aspect". The placement and circumscription of B. sect. Orthostylis in Bentham's arrangement can be summarised as follows:[1]
- Banksia
- B. sect. Oncostylis (13 species)
- B. sect. Cyrtostylis (10 species)
- B. sect. Eubanksia (3 species)
- B. sect. Orthostylis
- B. latifolia (now B. robur)
- B. serrata
- B. ornata
- B. coccinea
- B. sceptrum
- B. menziesii
- B. lævigata
- B. hookeriana
- B. prionotes
- B. victoriæ
- B. speciosa
- B. baxteri
- B. marcescens (now B. praemorsa)
- B. lemanniana
- B. caleyi
- B. lindleyana
- B. elegans
- B. candolleana
- B. sect. Isostylis (1 species)
According to George 1981[edit]
In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of Banksia in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). He retained the name Orthostylis, but demoted it to series rank, placing it in B. subg. Banksia because of its elongate "flower spike", and in B. sect. Banksia, because it has straight styles after anthesis. The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy pistil that is prominently curved prior to anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's B. sect. Orthostylis. The other eleven members of Bentham's Orthostylis were moved into other sections and series.[2]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Orthostylis in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. ser. Salicinae (9 species)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Quercinae (3 species)
- B. ser. Orthostylis
- B. ser. Crocinae (4 species)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis (12 species)
- B. ser. Prostratae (6 species)
- B. ser. Tetragonae (3 species)
- B. ser. Coccineae (1 species)
- B. sect. Oncostylis (3 series, 21 species)
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (2 species)
- B. subg. Banksia
The placement of B. sceptrum (Sceptre Banksia) in this series was initially tentative, as George felt that "in some respects it also shows a relationship to the series Cyrtostylis". B. aemula (Wallum Banksia) was also flagged as anomalous in having a conical pollen-presenter, and B. pilostylis (Marsh Banksia) was noted as the only species outside the series that has a hairy pistil. Overall, George accepted that the resultant series was "somewhat heterogeneous", but argued that the species had enough in common to warrant grouping them together. Since species of B. ser. Orthostylis occur in both western and eastern Australia, George suggested that it had evolved early, and was widespread across southern Australia before aridification and marine incursion established the Nullarbor Plain as a barrier to genetic exchange.[2]
George's 1981 publication of B. ser. Orthostylis was illegal. Since the series contained B. serrata (Saw Banksia), the type species of Banksia, it was required under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to be given the autonym Banksia L.f. ser. Banksia . This has been recognised and corrected in later publications.[3]
According to Thiele and Ladiges[edit]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia, which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. Their cladogram included a clade consisting of the members of B. ser. Banksia sensu George, together with the four members of George's B. ser. Crocinae:[4]
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On the basis of this clade, Thiele and Ladiges abandoned B. ser. Crocinae, transferring its four taxa into B. ser. Banksia. They then divided the series into two subseries, placing B. ornata (Desert Banksia), B. serrata and B. aemula in B. subser. Banksia, and all other species in B. subser. Cratistylis.[4]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Banksia in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:[4]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
- B. elegans (incertae sedis)
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. ser. Tetragonae (4 species)
- B. ser. Lindleyanae (1 species)
- B. ser. Banksia
- B. baueri (incertae sedis)
- B. lullfitzii (incertae sedis)
- B. attenuata (incertae sedis)
- B. ashbyi (incertae sedis)
- B. coccinea (incertae sedis)
- B. ser. Prostratae (8 species)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis (4 species)
- B. ser. Ochraceae (4 species)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Salicinae (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
- B. ser. Spicigerae (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
- B. ser. Quercinae (2 species)
- B. ser. Dryandroides (1 species)
- B. ser. Abietinae (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)
According to George 1999[edit]
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to B. ser. Banksia, George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his 1981 arrangement, except that B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) and B. menziesii (Menzies Banksia) were exchanged in phyletic order.[3]
Recent developments[edit]
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements. All previous circumscriptions of B. ser. Banksia appear to be polyphyletic. Bentham's circumscripion is widely polyphyletic, and both George's and Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription bring together species that occur in three widely separate clades in Mast's cladogram. Thiele's B. subser. Banksia is monophyletic but is most closely related to B. ser. Ochraceae and B. ser. Prostratae; B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) and B. speciosa (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside B. coccinea (Scarlet Banksia); and the remaining species in Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription form a third clade with B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia) and B. lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia).[5][6][7]
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser. Banksia fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but no more detail has been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ Bentham, George (1870). "CIV. Proteaceae: 29. Banksia". Flora Australiensis. V: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562.
- ^ a b George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
- ^ a b George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Volume. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ a b c Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany (CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society) 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- ^ Mast, Austin; Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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| Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksia_ser._Banksia&oldid=641464059 |
Banksia ser. Crocinae is a taxonomic series (botany) in the genus Banksia. It consists of four closely related species, all of which are endemic to Western Australia; namely B. prionotes (Acorn Banksia), B. burdettii (Burdett's Banksia), B. hookeriana (Hooker's Banksia) and B. victoriae (Woolly Orange Banksia). The series was first published by Alex George in 1981, but discarded by Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges in 1996, and finally reinstated by George in 1999. Recent Cladistic analyses suggest that it is monophyletic or nearly so.
Contents
George 1981[edit]
B. ser. Banksia originated in the 1981 arrangement of George, published in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). George grouped the four species into a series on the grounds that they are "remarkably similar especially in floral morphology", giving the series the name B. ser. Crocinae from the Latin crocinus ("rich orange"), in reference to the bright orange inflorescences. He also remarked that "the series is probably derived from the Orthostylis, which can in hingsight be read as an admission of paraphyly.[1]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Crocinae in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. ser. Salicinae (9 species)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Quercinae (3 species)
- B. ser. Orthostylis (4 species)
- B. ser. Crocinae
- B. prionotes
- B. victoriae
- B. hookerana (now spelled B. hookeriana)
- B. burdettii
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis (12 species)
- B. ser. Prostratae (6 species)
- B. ser. Tetragonae (3 species)
- B. ser. Coccineae (1 species)
- B. sect. Oncostylis (3 series, 21 species)
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (2 species)
- B. subg. Banksia
Thiele and Ladiges 1996[edit]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia, which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. Their cladogram included a clade consisting of the members of George's B. ser. Banksia, together with the four members of B. ser. Crocinae:[2]
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B. ser. Crocinae was found to be monophyletic, but B. ser. Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to it. To resolve this, Thiele and Ladiges abandoned B. ser. Crocinae, transferring its four taxa into B. ser. Banksia. They then divided B. ser. Banksia, into two subseries, with the species belonging to George's B. ser. Crocinae endind up in B. subser. Cratistylis.[2]
George 1999[edit]
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to B. ser. Cyrtostylis, George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his 1981 arrangement, except that B. burdettii and B. victoriae were exchanged in phyletic order.[3]
Recent developments[edit]
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different to previous taxonomic arrangements. B. ser. Crocinae is monophyletic or nearly so, occurring in a polytomous clade with B. menziesii; this clade is sister to a clade containing B. sceptrum (Sceptre Banksia) and B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia), and a clade containing Banksia lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia):[4]
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Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser. Crocinae fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but no further details have been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
- ^ a b Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
- ^ George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 978-0-643-06454-6.
- ^ Mast, Austin; Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ Mast, Austin; Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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| Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
| Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksia_ser._Crocinae&oldid=618710125 |
Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis is a taxonomic series within the plant genus Banksia. First published at sectional rank by George Bentham in 1870, it was demoted to a series by Alex George in 1981. The name has had three circumscriptions.
Contents
According to Bentham[edit]
Bentham published B. sect. Cyrtostylis in Flora Australiensis, as part of his taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, defining it as those taxa with
"Leaves flat or undulate, the margins not revolute, toothed pinnatifid or pinnate. Style arched or nearly straight and turned upwards or curved, but not hooked after flowering, the stigmatic end small, not furrowed."[1]
This definition essentially defined Cyrtostylis as a section for those species that did not possess the characters of the other sections; thus it was highly heterogeneous.[2]
George Bentham's placement and circumscription of B. sect. Cyrtostylis may be summarised as follows:[1]
- Banksia
- B. sect. Oncostylis (13 species, 2 varieties)
- B. sect. Cyrtostylis
- B. attenuata
- B. media
- B. Solandri
- B. Goodii
- B. petiolaris
- B. repens
- B. prostrata (now B. gardneri)
- B. grandis
- B. quercifolia
- B. quercifolia var. integrifolia (now B. oreophila)
- B. Baueri
- B. sect. Eubanksia (3 species)
- B. sect. Orthostylis (19 species)
- B. sect. Isostylis (1 species, 1 variety)
Bentham's circumscription of Cyrtostylis remained current for over 100 years, only being superseded in 1981 by George's revision.
According to George 1981[edit]
In 1981, George published a taxonomic revision of Banksia in The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). He demoted Cyrtostylis to series rank, placing it within Banksia subgenus Banksia, section Banksia.[3] It has remained at this rank since then, so its current name is Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis (Benth.) A.S.George.[4]
George defined Cyrtostylis as those members of B. sect. Banksia with slender flowers, a small pollen-presenter, and beaked follicles. Its type species was given as B. media (Southern Plains Banksia).[3]
George's 1981 placement and circumscription of B. ser. Cyrtostylis may be summarised as follows:[3]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. ser. Salicinae (9 species, 5 subspecies)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Quercinae (3 species)
- B. ser. Orthostylis (8 species, now B. ser. Banksia)
- B. ser. Crocinae (4 species)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis
- B. ser. Prostratae (6 species, 3 varieties)
- B. ser. Tetragonae (3 species)
- B. ser. Coccineae (1 species)
- B. sect. Oncostylis (3 series, 21 species, 4 subspecies, 10 varieties)
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (2 species)
- B. subg. Banksia
A significant addition to the series occurred in 1988, when George published a new species, B. epica, placing it between B. praemorsa (Cut-leaf Banksia) and B. media.[5]
According to Thiele and Ladiges[edit]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia, which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. They found B. ser. Cyrtostylis to be "widely polyphyletic". Six of the fourteen taxa in George's B. ser. Cyrtostylis occurred singly in locations throughout the cladogram; these were transferred to other series or left incertae sedis. The remaining eight taxa formed a clade, which further resolved into two subclades:[2]
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Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into B. ser. Ochraceae, retaining only the taxa of the first clade in B. ser. Cyrtostylis. No formal definition was given for the new circumscription, although Thiele and Ladiges attached no fewer than seven synapomorphies to the clade, three of which were reversals, the other four parallelisms.[2]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Cyrtostylis in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows:[2]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
- B. elegans (incertae sedis)
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. ser. Tetragonae (4 species)
- B. ser. Lindleyanae (1 species)
- B. ser. Banksia (2 subseries, 12 species)
- B. baueri (incertae sedis)
- B. lullfitzii (incertae sedis)
- B. attenuata (incertae sedis)
- B. ashbyi (incertae sedis)
- B. coccinea (incertae sedis)
- B. ser. Prostratae (8 species)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis
- B. ser. Ochraceae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Salicinae (2 series, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
- B. ser. Spicigerae (3 series, 7 species, 6 varieties)
- B. ser. Quercinae (2 species)
- B. ser. Dryandroideae (1 species)
- B. ser. Abietinae (4 subseries, 15 species, 8 varieties)
According to George 1999[edit]
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when it was overturned by George. George's 1999 arrangement was largely a reversion to his 1981 arrangement. Despite George describing B. ser. Cyrtostylis as "a rather heterogeneous series", its 1981 circumscription was maintained, the only changes being the inclusion of B. epica, the relocation of B. lindleyana to the end of the series, and the relocation of B. laevigata to sit between B. elderiana (Swordfish Banksia) and B. elegans (Elegant Banksia). George's 1999 placement and circumscription of B. ser. Cyrtostylis may be summarised as follows:[6]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. ser. Salicinae (11 species, 7 subspecies)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Banksia (8 species)
- B. ser. Crocinae (4 species)
- B. ser. Prostratae (6 species, 3 varieties)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis
- B. ser. Tetragonae (3 species)
- B. ser. Bauerinae (1 species)
- B. ser. Quercinae (2 species)
- B. sect. Coccinea (1 species)
- B. sect. Oncostylis (4 series, 22 species, 4 subspecies, 11 varieties)
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
- B. subg. Banksia
In 2002 B. rosserae was published; it was tentatively placed in B. ser. Cyrtostylis between B. elderiana and B. laevigata.[7]
Recent developments[edit]
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different to previous taxonomic arrangements. With respect to B. ser. Cyrtostylis, Mast's results accord closely with the arrangement of Thiele and Ladiges, inferring a polytomous clade corresponding exactly with Thiele and Ladiges' series. This clade is however, not particularly close to the clade that corresponds to B. ser. Ochraceae.[8][9][10]
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser. Cyrtostylis fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but nothing further has been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[11]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). "Banksia". Flora Australiensis. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562.
- ^ a b c d Thiele, Kevin R. and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
- ^ a b c George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
- ^ "Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1988). "New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 6 (3): 309–317.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ Olde, Peter M. and Marriott, Neil R. (2002). "One new Banksia and two new Grevillea species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from Western Australia". Nuytsia 15 (1): 85–99. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany (CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society) 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- ^ Mast, Austin; Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
| Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksia_ser._Cyrtostylis&oldid=618710139 |