Banksia

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Banksia sect. Banksia:

Banksia sect. Banksia is one of four sections of Banksia subgenus Banksia. It contains those species of subgenus Banksia with straight or sometimes curved but not hooked styles. These species all have cylindrical inflorescences and usually exhibit a bottom-up sequence of flower anthesis. It is a widely distributed section, with taxa occurring in both the south west and east coastal distributions of the genus.

Banksia sect. Banksia is further divided into nine series:

  • Salicinae is one of the most primitive Banksia series; it contains 11 species, all highly variable;
  • Grandes contains 2 species whose leaves have large prominent triangular lobes;
  • Banksia contains 8 species with smooth or toothed leaves;
  • Crocinae contains 4 species with woolly orange flowers;
  • Prostratae contains 6 species that grow as prostrate shrubs;
  • Cyrtostylis contains 13 species with unusually slender flowers;
  • Tetragonae contains 3 species whose flower spikes hang down;
  • Bauerinae contains a single species Banksia baueri;
  • Quercinae contains 2 species that differ from other species in the section by some unusual anatomical features of their flowers, and their top-down sequence of anthesis.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • George, A. S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473. 
  • George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
  • Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. 

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Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola:

Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola, commonly known as White Mountain Banksia, is a subspecies of Banksia integrifolia. Described in 1994, it occurs in the Blue Mountains and in northern New South Wales. It contains the largest recorded Banksia trees.



Description[edit]

B. integrifolia subsp. monticola is similar to B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike. Follicles are less likely to open spontaneously. Inflorescences are similar to those of subspecies integrifolia, but may be pink-tinged in some localities, notably in Barrington Tops National Park.[1] This subspecies contains the largest recorded Banksia specimens, with trees in Washpool National Park growing to 35 metres (110 feet) high.[2] It is the most frost tolerant banksia tree of all.

Taxonomy[edit]

See also: Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia and Taxonomy of Banksia

For many years this subspecies was considered a mountain form of B. integrifolia subsp. compar, although it is now known to be closer to B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia both phenetically[3] and genetically.[4] It was identified as a separate subspecies in Gwen Harden's 1991 publication Flora of New South Wales, but Harden did not publish a name for it, instead referring to it as "Banksia integrifolia subsp. A".[5] In 1994, Kevin Thiele confirmed its status as a subspecies, and published it as Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola K.R.Thiele.[3] The subspecies epithet monticola refers to its montane distribution, and derives from the Latin mons, meaning "mountain", and cola meaning "inhabits".

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Unlike the other B. integrifolia subspecies, B. integrifolia subsp. monticola occurs well inland, in the Blue Mountains between Mount Wilson and the New England National Park.[1] It grows in fertile soils derived from igneous rock at altitudes above 650 metres, whereas the other subspecies occur only at altitudes below 500 metres, and are generally associated with infertile soils derived from sedimentary rock.[3]

Cultivation and uses[edit]

It is valued because of its frost hardiness. It has been planted in England.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 978-0-643-06454-6. 
  2. ^ Liber C (2004). "Really Big Banksias". Banksia Study Group Newsletter 6: 4–5. 
  3. ^ a b c Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1994). "The Banksia integrifolia L.f. Species Complex (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 7 (4): 393–408. doi:10.1071/SB9940393. 
  4. ^ Evans, K. M., Newbigin, E. and Ladiges, P. Y. (2002). "An investigation of genetic variation in B. integrifolia (Proteaceae) using the AFLP technique". Australian Systematic Botany 15: 9–17. doi:10.1071/SB01013. 
  5. ^ "Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola K.R.Thiele". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 
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Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar:

Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar is a subspecies of Banksia integrifolia. It has larger, glossier leaves than other subspecies, and occurs much further north.



Description[edit]

B. integrifolia subsp. compar is similar to B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, but has larger, glossier leaves with undulate margins.[1][2][3]

Taxonomy[edit]

See also: Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia and Taxonomy of Banksia

The type specimen for Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar was collected just south of Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia by Robert Brown in August 1802. Brown published the specimen as a new species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, but acknowledged its similarity to B. integrifolia in his choice of name: Banksia compar R.Br, from the Latin compar, meaning "similar". In 1870, George Bentham declared it a synonym of B. integrifolia.,[4] but this arrangement lasted only until 1913, when Frederick Bailey declared the taxon to be a distinct variety of B. integrifolia in his Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants.[5] In 1994, it was promoted to subspecies rank by Kevin Thiele; its full name is therefore "Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar (R.Br.) K.R.Thiele".[6][7]

For many years a montane form of the subspecies was recognised, with differences in leaf shape and fruiting structure, but it was not known whether these were real morphological variations, or simply adaptations to the colder weather at high altitudes. In 1994, at the same time that the taxon was promoted from variety to subspecies rank, the montane form was declared a separate subspecies, Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola.[6]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar is generally found on infertile, sandy soils within 50 kilometres (30 mi) of the coast. Endemic to Australia, it occurs along the east coast of Queensland from Brisbane in the south, north to Proserpine.[3]The Banksia Atlas also recorded "a possible outlier near Bishops Peak, Cardwell" which, if correct, would extend the subspecies' range by about 400 kilometres (250 mi).[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473. 
  2. ^ George, Alex S. (1987). The Banksia Book (Second Edition). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). ISBN 0-86417-006-8. 
  3. ^ a b George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
  4. ^ Bentham, George (1870). "Banksia". Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory. Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562. 
  5. ^ "Banksia integrifolia var. compar (R.Br.) F.M.Bailey". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 
  6. ^ a b Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1994). "The Banksia integrifolia L.f. Species Complex (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 7 (4): 393–408. doi:10.1071/SB9940393. 
  7. ^ "Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar (R.Br.) K.R.Thiele". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 
  8. ^ Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. 
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Banksia ser. Grandes:

Banksia ser. Grandes is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of two closely related species in section Banksia, both endemic to Western Australia.[1] These are B. grandis (Bull Banksia) and B. solandri (Stirling Range Banksia).

References

  1. ^ George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
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Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksia_ser._Grandes&oldid=552482990

Banksia ser. Prostratae:

Banksia ser. Prostratae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of six closely related species in section Banksia, all endemic to Western Australia, with a prostrate habit.[1]

Banksia ser. Prostratae consists of the following species:

References

  1. ^ George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
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Banksia ser. Tetragonae:

Banksia ser. Tetragonae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of three closely related species of erect shrub with pendulous inflorescences in section Banksia.[1] These are B. lemanniana (Lemann's Banksia), B. caleyi (Cayley's Banksia) and B. aculeata (Prickly Banksia).

References

  1. ^ George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
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Banksia ser. Spicigerae:

Banksia ser. Spicigerae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of the seven species in section Oncostylis that have cylindrical inflorescences. These range in form from small shrubs to tall trees. The leaves grow in either an alternate or whorled pattern, with various shape forms. The Spicigerae inflorescence is held erect, subtended by a whorl of branchlets, and retains a regular pattern until anthesis. The perianth limb is horizontal until anthesis, at which point the perianth opens from underneath. The pollen-presenter is ovoid or conical. The seed wings are not notched.

Contents

Taxa

Five of the Spicigerae are endemic to southwest Western Australia. The other two, Banksia ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and Banksia spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), are endemic to the east coast of Australia. It is therefore thought to be the oldest of the series, having developed before the onset of aridity in the Nullarbor Plain.

Species and subspecies

See also

References

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Functional adaptation:

Shrub maintains biodiversity: Banksia
 

Scrubland ecosystem depends on a shrub, Banksia, to maintain multiple ecological functions through mutualism.

 

 
  "One example of a keystone mutualist is Banksia prionotes, a shrub in the Proteaceae. At certain seasons of the year, honeyeaters and other nectar-feeding birds in the scrublands of southwestern Australia must rely solely on Banksia flowers for nourishment. The rest of the year, these honeyeaters vector pollen for many other plants and play an important role in maintaining what is, along with South Africa's fynbos, one of the most diverse plant communities outside the tropics. Eliminate Banksia and there go honeyeaters, followed by any number of plant species dependent on their services." (Baskin 1997:47-48)
  Learn more about this functional adaptation.

  • Baskin, Y. 1997. The Work of Nature: How The Diversity Of Life Sustains Us. Island Press.
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Banksia sect. Oncostylis:

Banksia sect. Oncostylis is one of four sections of subgenus Banksia subg. Banksia. It contains those Banksia species with hooked pistils. All of the species in Oncostylis also exhibit a top-down sequence of flower anthesis, except for Banksia nutans which is bottom-up.

Banksia sect. Oncostylis is further divided into four series, primarily on the overall shape of the inflorescence:

All Oncostylis species are endemic to southwest Western Australia, except for two members of series Spicigerae, Banksia ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and Banksia spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), which are endemic to the east coast of Australia.

See also

References

  • George, A. S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473.
  • George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  • Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.

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Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksia_sect._Oncostylis&oldid=544459151

Functional adaptation:

Fire opens seed capsules: banksia
 

Seeds of Banksia plants are dispersed via two-valved seed capsules that open in high fire temperatures.

 

 

 
  "Banksias are spectacular evergreen bushes and trees related to the proteas of South Africa but, with the exception of one whose range extends into the Pacific, they are totally restricted to Australia. Of the 75 or so species that exist, 60 grow only in this south-western corner [of Australia]. Their strange inflorescences consist of several thousand small florets massed together in a single spike and arranged in vertical lines, that in some species have a gentle spiral twist…They take several months to develop and then open over several weeks. Birds such as lorikeets and marsupials like the honey possum come to drink nectar from them and in the course of doing so pollinate them. Usually, however, only a small proportion of the florets produce seed. In some species, those that are unsuccessful remain attached to the flower head, forming a grey rather bristly fur…It takes about a year for the seeds to mature. Like the bottlebrush, some banksias will not shed their seeds unless there is a fire. Indeed, it is almost impossible to remove them from the plant because they are held in hard woody two-valved capsules. But as the flames scorch the branches, the intense heat causes the capsules to open. Their front ends resemble pairs of brown lips on the side of the furry spike…By releasing their seeds only in the wake of a fire, the banksias ensure that they will fall on well-cleaned, brightly-lit ground recently fertilised with ash and so get the most favourable of starts in what is, even at best, an extremely harsh and demanding environment." (Attenborough 1995:188-190)
  Learn more about this functional adaptation.

  • Attenborough, D. 1995. The Private Life of Plants: A Natural History of Plant Behavior. London: BBC Books. 320 p.
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