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被子植物
Ficus
EOL Text
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous, colonial Aspidioterus nerii sucks sap of live leaf of Ficus
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph of Cercospora bolleana causes spots on live Ficus
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Coccus hesperidum sucks sap of live leaf (near veins) of Ficus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / pathogen
Fig Mosaic virus infects and damages live, blotched leaf of Ficus
Foodplant / feeds on
Fusarium anamorph of Fusarium urticearum feeds on Ficus
Foodplant / gall
Gynaikothrips ficorum causes gall of live, rolled leaf of Ficus
Foodplant / gall
Heterodera fici causes gall of cysted root of Ficus
Foodplant / feeds on
Phytonemus pallidus feeds on live Ficus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pseudococcus sucks sap of live green part of Ficus
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Psilota anthracina is saprobic on sap run of Ficus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Saissetia coffeae sucks sap of live leaf of Ficus
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
| Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Ficus.htm |
Whole plant: Decoction of the latex is used as a wash by the Surinam Tirio to treat general weakness. The Surinam Akuriyo apply the latex to areas of cracked skin on the foot. Stem: Decoction of boiled bark is gargled or drunk by the Surinam Tirio as treatment for coughs. Leaf: Crushed in a cold water infusion by the Surinam Wayana to remedy abdominal aches and general malaise.
Mutualistic relationship is maintained: fig tree and fig wasp
The mutually beneficial relationship between figs and fig wasps is maintained via sanctions for deviating behavior.
"Theory predicts that mutualisms should be vulnerable to invasion by cheaters, yet mutualistic interactions are both ancient and diverse. What prevents one partner from reaping the benefits of the interaction without paying the costs? Using field experiments and observations, we examined factors affecting mutualism stability in six fig tree–fig wasp species pairs. We experimentally compared the fitness of wasps that did or did not perform their most basic mutualistic service, pollination. We found host sanctions that reduced the fitness of non-pollinating wasps in all derived, actively pollinated fig species (where wasps expend time and energy pollinating), but not in the basal, passively pollinated fig species (where wasps do not). We further screened natural populations of pollinators for wasp individuals that did not carry pollen ('cheaters'). Pollen-free wasps occurred only in actively pollinating wasp species, and their prevalence was negatively correlated with the sanction strength of their host species. Combined with previous studies, our findings suggest that (i) mutualisms can show coevolutionary dynamics analogous to those of 'arms races' in overtly antagonistic interactions; (ii) sanctions are critical for long-term mutualism stability when providing benefits to a host is costly, and (iii) there are general principles that help maintain cooperation both within and among species." (Jandér & Herre 2010:1481)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Jandér KC; Herre EA. 2010. Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree–fig wasp mutualism. Proc. R. Soc. B. 277(1687): 1481-1488.
- 2010. Punishment important in plant-pollinator relationship. Science Daily [Internet],
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
| Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/284ee52b326f3eec58c1806c38f1734d |
Surinam Akuriyo: ru-e-muh. Surinam Tirio: ru-e, sha-de-gah-nah. Surinam Wayana: nah-te-ah-ra-kan, ah-de-wah-nah.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:2004
Specimens with Sequences:2199
Specimens with Barcodes:1346
Species:383
Species With Barcodes:377
Public Records:1373
Public Species:327
Public BINs:0
Another undetermined species of Ficus, known to the Surinam Tirio as "la-pa la-pa", provides bark made into a cold water infusion which is drunk for a very powerful vermifuge. In Guyana, an undetermined species of Ficus known as "kumakaballi fig" provides latex used to make plasters for sprains.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
Ficus is one of the two small genera in the marine gastropod snail family Ficidae. This genus contains 10 species of medium-large sized snails characterized by delicate shells with swelled body whorls and a drawn-out siphonal canal, giving them a distinct pear or fig shape. The largest species (F. gracilis, the graceful fig shell) grows to about 20 cm (8 inches) in length. The family has species in coastal waters around the world, mainly in the tropics and warm temperate areas. While a few species inhabit intertidal areas, most live in deeper waters up to 1000 m (3300 feet), and have been discovered as by-catch from trawls. Those in intertidal areas bury themselves in sand at low tide, making them appear rarer than they may actually be.
All species live on sand or silt surfaces. When gliding along the surface on their large foot, their fleshy mantle partially to fully covers their shell. They feed by pulling small organisms and small organic particles into their feeding cavity with their proboscis. Neo (2010) points out that previous authors cited various Ficus species as feeding on echinoderms; this is not confirmed by recorded observations, however polychaete cuticle has been recorded in the guts of F. subintermedia. Ficus snails have no operculum. Many of the species have multiple synonyms, which can make their taxonomy and identification confusing (Archerd shell collection; Mitchell 2008; Poutiers 1998; Neo 2010; Vos 2013).
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Dana Campbell, Dana Campbell |
| Source | No source database. |