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裸子植物
Pinus palustris Mill.
EOL Text
Trees to 47m; trunk to 1.2m diam., straight; crown rounded. Bark orange-brown, with coarse, rectangular, scaly plates. Branches spreading-descending, upcurved at tips; twigs stout (to 2cm thick), orange-brown, aging darker brown, rough. Buds ovoid, silvery white, 3--4cm; scales narrow, margins fringed. Leaves (2)--3 per fascicle, spreading-recurved, persisting 2 years, 20--45cm ´ ca. 1.5mm, slightly twisted, lustrous yellow-green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex abruptly acute to acuminate; sheath 2--2.5(--3)cm, base persistent. Pollen cones cylindric, 30--80mm, purplish. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, quickly shedding seeds and falling, solitary or paired toward branchlet tips, symmetric, lanceoloid before opening, ovoid-cylindric when open, 15--25cm, dull brown, sessile (rarely short-stalked); apophyses dull, slightly thickened, slightly raised, nearly rhombic, strongly cross-keeled; umbo central, broadly triangular, with short, stiff, reflexed prickle. Seeds truncate-obovoid; body ca. 10mm, pale brown, mottled darker; wing 30--40mm. 2 n =24.
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Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005348 |
Pinus palustris Mill.
Distribution
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Notes
Abundant. Mar–Apr ; Sep–Oct . Thornhill 1066, 1067 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [ O’Berry ]: Taggart SARU 20 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
License | Public Domain |
Rights holder/Author | No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation. |
Source | http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C92DF928105D21ED77E0137F72F3CF2 |
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39068 |
More info for the terms: basal area, competition
Fire can stimulate height-growth initiation of grass-stage seedlings. After three annual spring fires in Louisiana, most grass-stage seedlings had initiated height growth. It is thought that height growth is initiated because fire reduces competition and brown-spot needle blight infection. Late spring or summer fires are more effective at promoting height growth than winter fires [12,13,23]. However, annual fires begun only 1 year after germination stunt height growth [20].
Once a seedling has entered the height-growth stage, fire damage can decrease growth. Annual fires have reduced basal area growth of young longleaf pine by 22 to 44 percent [54]. In Alabama, prescribed biennial fires begun in 14-year-old stands averaging 22 feet (6.7 m) in height and 3.2 inches (8.1 cm) in diameter reduced growth, even though no crown scorch was observed. The impact on growth of biennial fires worsened with time. The season of fire had no effect [6].
Older longleaf pine shows no growth loss if there is little or no needle scorch [29]. Seed production of mature trees is not affected by frequent fire.
Seed will germinate on mineral soil exposed by fire [7].
Trees in regularly burned stands develop a buttressed trunk which results in stump taper [1].
Roots stabilize trees against wind: longleaf pine
Roots of longleaf pine protect from strong winds by forming both large anchoring taproots and a widespread lateral root system.
"The damage resistance of longleaf pine could be related to firm anchorage provided by the large taproot and widespread lateral root system. Our excavations of longleaf pine root systems (Baruch Forest Science Institute, pers. comm.) indicated that longleaf pine taproots extended two meters vertically in the soil and the lateral root system extended up to six meters horizontally from the taproot." (Gresham et al. 1991:425)
"While no systematic study has yet been done, at least four distinct schemes seem to be used to keep roots and soil in decent contiguity. Combinations of more than a single scheme certainly occur, and a given tree may use different schemes or a varying mix of several as it grows from a sapling. (Mattheck [1991] considers some aspects of the tree's problem; Ennos and Fitter [1992] provide information on anchorage in small plants or very young trees; Ennos [2000] gives a good general view of the situation.)...
"An alternative scheme capitalizes on little more than the ability of soil to withstand compressive force. If the trunk is continued downward beneath the soil as a stiff taproot, and if ramifying lateral roots near the soil's surface fix the location of the tree, then pushing the trunk in one direction will push the taproot in the other (Edelin and Atger 1994). Soil, especially when beneath a layer of superficial roots, ought to resist this sideways push quite well; the scheme, which we might just call 'taprooting' is shown in figure 21.3c. Taprooting depends on good resistance of the taproot to bending as a cantilever--a high level of flexural stiffness--as is sufficient broadside area to push against so as not to slip sideways through soil. (Additional substantial vertical 'striker' roots, according to Perry [1982] and Crook and Ennos [1996], may supplement the mechanical role of taproots.)
"A tree that uses the scheme without a healthy taproot is crippled. In over 25 years only one of over seventy loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) around my house has blown over with less than really severe provocation; that one had a rotted taproot. (Taproots normally break when a tree uproots, so they're easily overlooked.) My casual observations of several excavated pines suggest that taproots may develop noncylindrical cross sections in response to wind from a prevailing direction. But when poking around the bases of large uprooted Douglas firs, I was struck by the small size of the taproot breakage points. Of the schemes here, the relative importance of taprooting is the least certain; the best documentation of its role comes from work on larch, by Crook and Ennos (1996)." (Vogel 2003:431,433)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
- Gresham, C. A.; Williams, T. M.; Lipscomb, D. J. 1991. Hurricane Hugo Wind Damage to Southeastern US Coastal Forest Tree Species. Biotropica. 23(4): 420-426.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/54593451a32f065b42455f735bbe0e8d |
Longleaf pine's needles are used for mulch. Resin is used in the naval stores industry for gum turpentine and rosin production [7].
Wood Products: Longleaf pine, a valued timber species, has clear, straight wood with few defects [18]. It was used extensively in the past for timber and ship building. Most virgin stands have now been harvested. Because longleaf pine is not as easy to regenerate as other southern pine timber species, it is not used as extensively as it once was. Longleaf pine's highly desirable wood, however, has stimulated efforts to regenerate it [7,18].
longstraw pine, southern yellow pine, Georgia pine
More info for the terms: mesic, shrubs, swamp, xeric
Associated hardwoods on mesic coastal plain sites include southern red
oak (Quercus falcata), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), water oak (Q.
nigra), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica),
sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) and
sassafras (Sassafras albidum). Associated hardwoods on xeric sandhill
sites include turkey oak (Q. laevis), bluejack oak (Q. incana), sand
post oak (Q. stellata var. margaretta), and live oak (Q. virginiana) [7].
Associated shrubs include gallberry (Ilex glabra), yaupon (I.
vomitoria), large gallberry (I. coriacea), wax-myrtle (Myrica
cerifera), shining sumac (Rhus copallina), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.),
huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), saw palmetto
(Serena repens), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), swamp cyrilla (Cyrilla
racemiflora), and buckwheat-tree (Cliftonia monophylla) [7].
In longleaf pine's western range, groundcover includes bluestem
(Andropogon spp.) and panicum (Panicum spp.). In its eastern range,
pineland threeawn or wiregrass (Aristida stricta) is the primary
groundcover [7].
The published classifications listing longleaf pine as a dominant or
codominant species in community types (cts) are presented below:
Area Classification Authority
e TX, LA, MS general veg. cts Bridges & Orzell 1989
AL forest cts Golden 1979
SC veg. cts Nelson 1986
se US; Gulf Coast general forest cts Pessin 1933
se US general forest cts Waggoner 1975
NC veg. cts Wells 1928
More info for the terms: crown fire, fire tolerant, litter, root collar
Open-grown grass-stage seedlings with root collar diameters smaller than 0.3 inch (0.8 cm) can be killed by light fire [7,29]. Under a pine overstory, light fire can kill seedlings smaller than 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) in diameter, because excess pine litter under the canopy makes the fire hotter [3,18,44]. In a prescribed winter fire in Alabama, 1-year-old seedlings with exposed root collars were more susceptible to fire than seedlings with root collars at or near the soil surface [33]. Larger grass-stage seedlings are highly resistant to fire.
In the height-growth stage, seedlings 1 to 3 feet (0.3-0.9 m) tall are extremely vulnerable to fire [20,29]. If the terminal bud is destroyed, the seedling will die [37]. Once a seedling is about 3.3 feet (1 m) tall, it is likely to survive low-severity ground fires [38]. After the sapling is 10 feet (3 m) tall, it is very fire tolerant [54]. Trees 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter and larger survive all but the most severe fires [10]. A high-severity crown fire kills some mature trees and nearly all trees smaller than 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter [20].
Longleaf pine needles were killed instantly when immersed in water at 147 degrees Fahrenheit (64 deg C) but survived 11 minutes at 126 degrees Fahrenheit (52 deg C) [14].
Population Differences Longleaf pine is a highly variable species, and a considerable proportion of this variation is genetic. Considering the economically important traits, longleaf pines have as much or more genetic variation than other southern pines.
Variation among individual trees is greater than that among stands or among geographically diverse seed sources (23,28). Nevertheless, the diversity of environments throughout the longleaf range has promoted the development of genetic variation among populations. According to rangewide provenance tests, trees from coastal areas usually outgrow those from inland areas at all but the coldest locations. Trees originating from the central Gulf Coast should be more productive than trees from other sources on most coastal plain longleaf sites from Georgia and north Florida west to east central Louisiana (28). Elsewhere, local seed sources may be safest to use until more information is available.
Hybrids The major southern pines, as well as some minor species, are closely related and have overlapping ranges. Natural hybridization has contributed to genetic diversity among trees and populations. Natural hybridization is common between longleaf and loblolly pine, producing the Sonderegger pine (P. x sondereggeri H. H. Chapm.). This is the only named southern pine hybrid. Throughout much of the longleaf pine range, the flowering of longleaf and loblolly pines overlaps in most years so there is no phenological barrier to natural crossing. Natural hybridization between longleaf and slash pine is unlikely, based on differences between the species in dormancy and heat requirements for flowering (5).
Artificial crosses between longleaf pine and both loblolly and slash pines can be achieved easily. Crosses between longleaf and shortleaf pine have not been found in nature but have been produced artificially. There are no reported successful crosses of longleaf pine with any other pine species (28).